Approaches to surface engineering of extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that important mediators in intercellular communication. This function makes them auspicious candidates for therapeutic and drug-delivery applications. Among EVs, mammalian cell derived EVs outer membrane (OMVs) produced by gram-negative bacteria the most investigated pharmaceutical To further optimize their performance to utilize natural abilities, researchers have strived equip with new moieties on surface while preserving integrity of vesicles. The aim this review is give a comprehensive overview techniques can be used introduce these vesicle surface. Approaches classified regards whether they take place before or after isolation EVs. producing cells subjected genetic manipulation metabolic engineering produce modified engineered physical chemical means. Here, advantages disadvantages processes applicability development as agents discussed.